英语语法的知识第1篇虚拟语气用法归纳虚拟语气用法归纳虚拟语气对于很多高中生而言都是一个困扰。难点有两个一.何时用?二.何种形式?一、何时用?英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气等。虚拟语气表示下面是小编为大家整理的英语语法知识必备10篇,供大家参考。
虚拟语气用法归纳
虚拟语气用法归纳
虚拟语气对于很多高中生而言都是一个困扰。难点有两个
一. 何时用?
二. 何种形式?
一、何时用?
英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气等。虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设并非事实,或难以实现的,甚至表达相反的概念,或者表示主观愿望或某种强烈的感情。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
二、何种形式?
为方便同学们记忆,不妨简单归纳如下:
退后时态型
情态动词+have done
型。
退后时态型
即依据所想表达的时间,现在的虚拟退后为过去时,过去的虚拟退后为过去的过去,即过去完成时,将来的虚拟退后为过去将来时(有些从句不用将来时,单独考虑)。
退后时态型包括:
if条件句 as if/ as though if/ even though if only wish would 以上六种从句中。
虚拟条件句
如:
(1) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。eg:
If he were free now, he would help
要是他现在有空的话,它会帮助我们的。
(2) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。eg:
If I had got there earlier, I would have met
如果我早点到那儿,我就会见到了李先生。
(3) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。eg
If he were to come/ should come/ came here tomorrow, he would tell us about
明天万一他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。
运用条件句中的虚拟语气时,须注意的几个问题:
(1) 注意:if条件句中因为主将从现,不用将来时,所以与现在时间虚拟形式一致,无非增加两种形式should do 、 were to do,整体看依然符合上述“现在的虚拟退后为过去时,过去的虚拟退后为过去的过去,即过去完成时,将来的虚拟退后为过去将来”。
(2)错综时间虚拟条件句,即主、从句的动作不是同时发生时,依据表格主从句动词形式区别对待。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。eg:
If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer now, 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会是工程师了
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如:
If he were free today, we would have sent him to
如果他今天有空的话, 我们会已经派他去北京了。
(3)含蓄条件句
without,but for, or, otherwise等词可以表达假设,相当于if条件句。主句动词形式依据时间确定
eg:
Without electricity, our life would be greatly
But for your help last term, I would have failed the
We didn"t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned
我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。
(4)当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有 had, should, were时, if 省略,将 had, should, were置于句首。为方便记忆,按谐音可记为:一马当先还(had)数(should)我(were),一马当即为将 were, should, had等词置于句首。【注】若条件从句为否定句,否定词not不提前。
eg:
(1)Were he free now, he would help
要是他现在有空的话,它会帮助我们的。
(2)Had I got there earlier, I would have met
如果我早点到那儿,就会见到了李先生。
(3)Were he to come here tomorrow, he would tell us about
Should he come here tomorrow, he would tell us about
明天万一他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。
(4)Had I not got there late, I would have met
如果我早点到那儿,就会见到了李先生。
动词wish后接宾语从句时,从句谓语要用虚拟语气。
表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were);表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时had done;
表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用过去将来时would /could+动词原形。
注意如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。如:
1) How I wish / If only I could be of some
我希望我能有什么用处。
2) How I wish / If only I had met him yesterday!
注意:
表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语除用过去完成时had done外,也可以用would / could+have +过去分词(注意这里的情态动词不能用should)
I wish I could have studied hard at
would rather之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,其虚拟语气的形式为:
过去虚拟 用had + done
现在或者将来虚拟 用过去时(be用were )
eg:
1)I’d rather you had seen the film
我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。
2)I’d rather you were here
我倒想你现在在这儿。
3)We’d rather you went there
我们倒想你明天去那儿。
其他
1)When a chopstick is partly in water, it looks as if it were
2)Even if he were here, there would be nothing to be
情态动词+have done
should/ ought to/ could/ might/ needn’t/ would/ would like to/ would love to/ would rather 等情态动词后面+have done,表达对过去的虚拟,译为过去本应该,过去本能够,过去本不必等。
eg:
1) I would/ would like to have attended the concert, but an unexpected visitor came
2) It was Sunday yesterday; he needn’t have gone to (本不必去却去了)
should 型
表达“建命要坚”等意义的词后面的名词从句中,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should可以省略。
建议:suggest/advise/propose/recommend/urge
命令:order/command
要求:demand/require/request
坚持:insist
eg:
1)The doctor advised that he change his
医生劝他换工作。(宾语从句)
2)The workers on strike demanded that this tax be
罢工的工人们要求取消这种税。(宾语从句)
3)The committee proposed (that) Day be
委员会建议推选戴先生。(宾语从句)
4)He took no notice of the doctor’s suggestion that he (should) not
他对医生对他不要抽烟的建议置之不理。(同位语从句)
5)My proposal is that the matter be put to the vote at
我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。(表语从句)
6) It is required in the notice that everyone (should) wear formal suits
通知中要求所有人要着正装。(主语从句)
7)They urged that relief work should be given
他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。
注意:
1)suggest译为“表明”、“暗示”时,不需要虚拟。
He suggested that we (should) stay for
他建议我们留下吃饭。
What he said suggested that he was a
他说的话表明他是个骗子。
2)动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较:
He insisted that I had read his
他坚持说我看过他的信。
He insisted that I should read his
他坚持要我看他的信。
It is +表达情况紧迫性或者强烈情绪,观点的n/adj/done +that +主语从句,从句的谓语动词常用should+原形且should可以省略。
表示紧迫的或者表强烈情绪,观点的词如:advisable, critical, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, urgent, vital, natural, strange, surprising, a pity, a miracle, desire, urge等。
eg:
1)Do you think it is necessary that he (should) not be sent to
2)It’s vital that you make a decision right
你立刻就做决定是至关重要的。
3)It is urged that relief work should be given
他们敦促将救济工作放在优先位置。
4)It is strange that such a person should be our (should表示“竟然”,不可省)
奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。
虚拟语气句型It is 或was (high) time that +从句,从句的谓语动词形式用一般过去时
或者should do形式且该should不可以省略。
eg: It is (high) time that we went /should go to
在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中,虚拟语气从句动词形式为:(should) + do,并且should能省略(for fear that,lest),in case后不能省略。
eg:
1)She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come
她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。
2) He started out earlier lest he (should) be
他早早地就出发了以防迟到。
注意:in case从句中可能性较大时,用陈述语气
eg: You’d better take an umbrella in case it
一、形容词性物主代词
1、形容词性物主代词8个:
My your his her its our your their
我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他(她、它)们的
2、形容词性物主代词的特点:
1)译成汉语都有"的" eg:my 我的 their 他们的
2)后面加名词:eg:my backpack his name
3)前后不用冠词 a an the
This is a my eraser(错误)
That is your a pen(错误)
It"s his the pen(错误)
3、I(物主代词)my you(物主代词)your he (物主代词)her we (物主代词) our
注:在变物主代词时,把原题所给的词加上的,再译成单词就可以了。
倒装句语法知识点
疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装
Are you cold?
Does he go to school by bike?
注意:若疑问词在句中作主语或主语的定语时,不倒装。
Who is your English teacher?
Whose father is a worker?
There be 句型
在There+助动词/情态动词+be+主语+地点/时间的句型中,主语在谓语be动词后面,因此这是倒装。
There is a mobile phone and some books on the
桌上有一个手机和一些书。
There are thousands of people gathering on the
广场上聚集着成千上万的人
注意 :引导词there 还可以接appear,exist, lie, remain, seem, stand, live 等词。
There lived an old fisherman in the
村里住着一位老渔夫。
There stand two white houses by the
河滨矗立着两座白房子。
There existed some doubt among the
学生中有些怀疑。
直接引语在句首
“May I come in and take a rest?” asked the poor
“Get out of the room!” shouted the angry
虚拟条件句的倒装
当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时,如将if省略,则要将had, were, should等移到主语前,构成倒装句:
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen
若你昨天来,你就会见到他了。
Should you require anything give me a
如果需要什么,可以给我打电话。
Were it not for your help, I would still be
要不是你帮助,我会仍然无家可归。
注意:省略if后提前的had不一定是助动词
Had I money, I would buy 假若我有钱,我就会买它。
全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。
1) here, there, now,then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be,come, go, lie, run等表示来去或状态的动词。
例如:
Then came the 那时总裁来了。
Here is your 你的信。
2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,以out, in, up, down, off, away等副词开头,谓语动词是表示“移动”的go, come, leave等句子里。
例如:
Ahead sat an old 前面坐着一个老妪。
Down went the small 小船沉下去了。
注意:在完全倒装的结构里,如果主语是人称代词,则用正常语序。
3)表示地点的介词词组位于句首,谓语动词是表示“存在”之意的be, lie, stand, exist等句子中。
South of the lake lies a big
湖泊的南边是一个大超市。
20 miles east of our school lies a modern swimming
我们学校向东20英里有一个现代化的游泳池。
4) 在there be或者there live(stand, appear, seem, remain, exist….) 句型中。
部分倒装
句首为否定或半否定的副词或连词。
如no, not,never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, at no time决不, by no means, on no account, inno case, many a time, under no circumstances, in no way, many a time, not until… 等。
例如:
He cares little about his
= Little does he care about his
他不在乎穿着。
I have never seen him
= Never have I seen him
= Never before have I seen
我以前没见过他。
The mother didn"t leave the room until the child fell
= Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the
孩子睡着了,妈妈才离开房间。
(Not until引出的主从复合句中,主句倒装,从句不倒装。即:后倒前不倒。注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。)
例如:
Churchill was not only a statesman, but a
= Not only was Churchill a statesman, but a
丘吉尔不仅是个政治家,而且还是个诗人。
I shall by no means give
= By no means shall I give 我决不放弃。
必背:表示“刚……就……的倒装结构
Hardly had he started to leave when it began to
他刚要离开,天就下起了雨。
Scarcely had he sat down when his mobilephone
他刚坐下,手机就响了。
No sooner had he handed in his paper than he realized his
他刚交卷就意识到出错了。
Seldom is my son late for 我儿子上学几乎不迟到。
In no case should you touch 无论如何你都不能碰它。
以否定连词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等,前倒后不倒。例如:
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the 他没有收下礼物,还狠狠批评了送礼的人。
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。
so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示另一主语“也…样”时,用“So +be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语”结构;而表示另一主语“也不…样”时,用“NorNeither + be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语”结构。
例如:
Tom can speak So can 汤姆会讲法语,杰克也会。
If you won"t go, neither will 你不去,我也不去。
She won’t Neither/Nor will
她不走,我也不。
注意:如果前面所说的内容既有肯定又有否定,或前后的谓语动词形式不一致时,用“It is the same with +主语”结构或用“So it is with +主语”结构。
+状语在句首倒装的情况。
only+副词;或介词短语;或状语从句时,主句倒装。
例如:
Only then did I see life was not 只有那时我才知道生活是不易的。
Only in this way, can you learn English 只有这样,你才能学好英语。(only+介词短语)
Only after being asked three times did he come to the 叫了三次,他才来参加会议。
Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was (only+副词)
Only when it began to rain did he finish his (only+状语从句)
注:如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。
例如:
Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in 病得狠重时,他才卧床休息。
so… that,such…that引导的结果状语从句中,部分倒装。当so位于句首时,用”so + + 主语+谓语”。
例如:
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an 他害怕得很,动也不敢动。
So difficult was the exam that most of the students failed to pass 考试如此难,以至于大多数同学没能考过。
So stingy is she that none of us likes 她太小气,没人喜欢她。
so作“也”讲时,引导的句子用倒装语序,表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于另一人(或物)。其句型是:So + be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语
She has been to So have
她去过东京,我也去过。
He can send emails to his former So can
他能电子邮件给以前的同学,她也能。
as, though引导的部分倒装
as / though引导的让步从句由于语法需要,可将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。
但需注意:
1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
例如:
Shortest as/though she is, she is not the (倒装后,最高级前不用冠词)
Child as he is, he knows a (倒装后,单数名词前不用a)
Fail as I did, I would try (倒装后,实义动词提前,在主语后添加助动词。)
注意:让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
当as作“虽然”解,引导让步状语从句时,必须将表语、状语或动词原形提到as前面。
句子的倒装语序有以下三种形式:
(1). 形容词或副词+as+主语+连系动词be或实义动词。
例如:
Rich as he is, he never spends a cent on
虽然他很富有,但他从不花一分钱在衣服上。
Much as I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted
我虽然佩服他的勇气,但我认为他这样做是不聪明的。
(2). 名词+as+主语+连系动词be (注意句首的名词不带冠词)。
例如:
Child as he is, he knows a
尽管他是个孩子,但懂很多事情。
Boy as he was, he was chosen
尽管他还是个孩子,但却被立为国王。
(3). 实义动词+as+主语+助动词[如果没有助动词,则要加上一个do(does或did)]。
例如:
Try as he may, he never
尽管他很努力,但总是不成功。
Change your mind as you will, you will gain no additional
即使你改变主意,你也不会得到另外的支持。
一些表示频率的副词(如many a time, often等)位于句首时。
I have seen her taking a walk alone many a
Many a time have I seen her taking a walk
我多次看到她独自一人在散步。
She often came to my house in the
Often did she come to my house in the
过去她常到我家来。
通过本模块的学习,相信同学们已经注意到,有的宾语从句既不用that引导,也不用whether或if引导,而是用when,where,how或why等疑问词引导,这是从句意思表达的需要。
例如要表达“他问什么时间出发”时,句中的“什么时间”之类的疑问时,我们就要使用相应的疑问词来引导从句。但是,在疑问词引导的宾语从句中,一定要用陈述句语序。例如:
He asks how we can help protect the 他问我们如何帮助保护环境。
Do you know when we will hold the sports meeting? 你知道我们什么时候举办运动会吗?
把动词变为过去式易出错。
例如:They stoped talking just
解析:stop的过去时为stopped。辅音加y,y变i加ed;元音加y,在词尾直 接加ed。
忘记把动词变为过去式。
例如:I fly kites on the afternoon of last
解析:fly应该用过去式flew。对此,我们应该记住在一般过去时的时态里,过去式不要忘记。
在句式变换时出错。
例如:We didn’t went last
解析:didn’t went应改为didn’t go。请记住“见助动词用原形”。
易与现在完成时弄混。
例如:I saw the film, so I don’t want to go
解析:正确答案为:I have seen the film, so I don’t want to go “我不想去”说明了我了解这部影片的内容,强调现在的情况,应该用现在完成时。
一.动词be(is,am,are)的用法
我(I)用am, 你(you)用are,is跟着他(he),她(she),它(it)。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。变否定,更容易,be后not加上去。变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意,句首大写莫忘记。
二.this,that和it用法
(1)this和that是指示代词,it是人称代词。
(2)距离说话人近的人或物用this, 距离说话人远的人或物用that。如:
This is a 这是一朵花。(近处)
That is a 那是一棵树。(远处)
(3)放在一起的两样东西,先说this, 后说that。如:
This is a That is a 这是一支钢笔。那是一支铅笔。
(4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…, 不说That is…。如:
This is Helen, this is 这是海伦,海伦,这是汤姆。
(5)This is 不能缩写, 而That is可以缩写。如:
This is a That’s a 这是一辆自行车。那是一辆轿车。
(6)打电话时,介绍自己用this, 询问对方用that。如:
—Hello! Is that Miss Green? 喂,是格林小姐吗?
—Yes, this Who’s that? 是的,我是,你是谁?
注意:虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”,但英语中打电话时绝不可以说:I am…, Are you…?/Who are you?
(7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时, 要用it代替this或that。如:
①—Is this a notebook? 这是笔记本吗?
—Yes, it 是的,它是。
②—What’s that? 那是什么?
—It’s a 是只风筝。
【重点短语】
free time有空闲时间
to do 允许某人做某事
out with 与某人闲逛
after-school classes课外活动课
get into a fight with 与某人吵架/打架
until midnight直到半夜
talk to 与某人交谈
too many太多
study too much学得过多
get enough sleep有足够的睡眠
write a letter给某人写信
call up打电话给某人
surprise 令某人惊讶
look through翻看
be angry with 生某人的气
a big deal重要的事
work out成功地发展;解决
get on with与相处
fight a lot经常吵架/打架
hang over笼罩
refuse to do 拒绝做某事
offer to do 主动提出做某事
so that以便
mind doing 介意某人做某事
all the time一直
in future今后
make angry使某人生气
worry about 担心某事
copy one’ s homework抄袭某人的作业
be oneself做自己
family members
spend time alone独自消磨时光
give pressure给某人施压
have a fight with 与某人吵架
compete with 与某人竞争
free time activities业余活动
get better grades取得更好的成绩
give one’ s opinion提出某人的观点
learn exam skills学习应试技巧
practice sports体育训练
cause stress造成压力
cut out删除
【重点句型】
I studied until midnight last night so I didn"t get enough 我昨晚学习到半夜所以睡眠不足。
Why don"t you forget about it? 你为什么不忘掉它呢?
Although she"s wrong , it,s not a big 虽然她错了,但这并不是什么大事儿。
He should talk to his friend so that he can say he"s 他应该跟朋友谈谈以便他能说声对不起。
Maybe you could go to his 也许你可以去他家。
I guess I could, but I don"t want to surprise 我想我可以,但我不想让他感到惊讶。
一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时。观察下列句子。
I often watch cartoons 我经常看卡通片。
I watched Spiderman last 我上周看了《蜘蛛侠》。
I have already watched I do not want to watch it 我已看过《蜘蛛侠》了,不想再看了。
可以看出:
经常性、习惯性的动作,所以用一般现在时。
在过去某个时间发生的行为,用一般过去时。
动作也是在过去,但是没有明确的表示过去的时间,并且强调的是结果,即现在不想看了,所以用现在完成时。
【重点短语】
sure 确信;确认
拍打……
fall asleep 进人梦乡;睡着
die down 逐渐变弱;逐渐消失
wake up 醒来
in a mess 一团糟
使……分离
in times of difficulty 在困难的时候
at the time of 当时候
go off (闹钟)发出响声
take a hot shower 洗热水澡
miss the bus 错过公交车
pick up 接电话
together 使……靠拢
in the area 在这个地区
miss the event 错过这个事件
by the side of the road 在路边
the Animal Helpline 动物保护热线
walk by 走路经过
make one’s way 在某人去……的路上
hear the news 听到这个消息
events in history 历史上的重大事件
example 例如
killed 被杀害
over 50 50多(岁)
a school pupil 一个小学生
on the radio 通过广播
silence 沉默;无声
recently 最近地;新近
World Trade Center 世贸中心
down 拆除;摧毁
meaning to 对……有意义
doing 记得做过某事
first 首先;最初
【重点句型】
— What were you doing at eight last night? 昨晚8点你在干什么?
— I was taking a 我在洗淋浴。
When it began to rain, Ben was helping his mom make 当开始下雨的时候,本正在帮他妈妈做晚饭。
— What was Jenny doing while Linda was sleeping? 琳达在睡觉的时候,珍妮正在干什么?
— While Linda was sleeping, Jenny was helping Mary with her 琳达在睡觉的时候,珍妮正在帮玛丽做作业。
一、记单词
学习英语历来都是把单词的学习作为起点也是重点,对于初中生来说也是一样。我们要记住,背单词的时候不要孤立的去背,我们初中的时候最习惯的就是背拼写。比如where这个单词,一般我们都是where where的背,背的时候只是记住了这几个孤立的字母但是没有记住单词,过两天又忘记了。那我们可以把单词放在一个整体的环境中去背诵,比如:Where are you going?(你准备去哪里呢)这样就没那么容易忘记。我们小时候学汉语时候都是在句子的熏陶下记住那些一个个词语的,所以整体的环境很重要。另外记忆单词可以利用一切可能的办法去记住,比如分类记忆:我们把校园的有关词汇放在一起,把有关动物的有关词汇放在一起,或者天文,地理等。如果会写段子的话也可以编写容易记住的段子来加深记忆,小编初中的时候就用过这样的英语学习小技巧。
二、语法的学习
初中是学习英语语法的初始阶段,初中学好了英语语法,对以后的语法学习就会变得更加轻松。初中的时候我们学习的更多的是词法而不是句法,考试题目中基本也比较少的句法题。所以初中一定要把重心放在词法上,就是名词,介词,冠词,代词,形容词等上面,而这些东西是最零碎的也是最头疼的,我们就更要有耐心。在学校学完之后建议回家再重新巩固一遍,温故而知新。用不同的笔色去标记难的和简单的有利于快速学习英语,并且经常去阅读。可以去书店买一本英语语法书籍,不懂的时候可以及时翻阅,这样也可以提升自己的初中英语学习方法。
三、文章内容的学习
现在教材难度越来越大,学生在老师讲课之前一定要提前预习文章的内容,把自己认为比较难的单词和语法先画出来,这样就可以提高英语的学习效率。对于文章里面比较经典的句子或者词汇可以抄下来背诵,为提升自己的写作技巧打下基础。要掌握更多的初中英语学习方法,课堂上的文章太过教条和局限,缺乏生动性和乐趣性。因此,课后可以延伸一下,多读写课外文章,有助于学习到更广的知识,也会在阅读中提高学习英语的兴趣。
四、写作
强大的阅读功底是写出好文章的保证,俗话说“读破万卷书,下笔如有神”,“熟读唐诗三百首,不会做诗也会吟”,因此还是要多读课外文章。初中生写文章并不需要太多的字数,因为初中生的写作句子不是太复杂,只是一些简单句子的结合。结合上面所说的,我觉得英汉互译是最好的写英语作文的方法,把没有语法错误的话正确的写出来,结合起来就是一片很好的作文了。
以上就是我总结的几点初中英语学习方法及技巧归纳,学英语一定要在初中就打好扎实的基础,找到适合自己的英语学习窍门,这样有利于日后高中英语的学习。
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