英语初中英语语法第1篇feeldo感觉某人做了某事havedo使某人做某事heardo听见某人做某事letdo让某人做某事listentodo听着某人做某事lookatdo看着某人做了某事makedo下面是小编为大家整理的英语初中英语语法热门14篇,供大家参考。
feel do 感觉某人做了某事
have do 使某人做某事
hear do 听见某人做某事
let do 让某人做某事
listen to do 听着某人做某事
look at do 看着某人做了某事
make do 使某人做某事
notice do 注意某人做了某事
observe do 观察某人做了某事
see do 看见某人做了某事
watch do 观察某人做了某事
一、陈述句
陈述句是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法的,陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。陈述句句末用句号,朗读时用降调。
1、肯定句的基本结构为:主+谓 He went to London to pass his
2、否定句的表达方式
(1)主语+be+not+表语 He is not a
(2)主语+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+其他 I don"t think you are He hasn"t yet paid the (他尚未付钱。)
(3)使用“not”以外的否定词:
(a)副词:never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等。She seldom comes to see (她不常来看我。)
(b)形容词:no, few, little等 He has few friends in Hong (他在香港几乎没有朋友。)
(c)代词:nothing, nobody, none等。I found nobody about (在那栋房子里我没看到任何人。)
二、疑问句
疑问句的主要交际功能是提出问题,询问情况。分为一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。
1、一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情是否属实。答句通常是“yes或no”。
句型一:Be +主语+ …?Are these books on the desk?这些书在桌子上吗?
句型二:Do / Does / Did + 主语 +谓语+…?Do you like English?你喜欢英语吗? 句型三:情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +…?
Must I finish my homework now?我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗?
句型四:Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词+…?
Have you heard from him? 你收到他的来信吗?
另外,还有以be动词、助动词或情态动词的否定缩写形式开头的一般疑问句,这种句子一般表示请求、惊讶和对事物的看法等,回答时所用的yes和no表达的意思和汉语的习惯不同。例如:——Isn"t he tall?难道他不高吗?
—— Yes, he 不,他很高。
2、特殊疑问句以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what 、who 、whose 、which、 when、 where、 how 、why等。例如:
who is singing in the room?
what class are you in﹖
must/might/could/can
must
(1)must 表示主观看法,意为“必须”。
如:You must stay here until I come
Must I hand in my homework right now?
对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to .
如:—Must I finish my homework?
—No, you needn’
(2)must也可以表示有把握的推测,意为“ 一定,肯定”,用于肯定句。
如:
The light is on, so he must be at home
其否定形式mustn’t表示“禁止,不许”。
如:You mustn’t play with
You mustn’t be
could
(1)can的过去式,意为“能、会”,表示过去的能力。
如:He could write poems when he was
(2)could在疑问句中,表示委婉请求的语气,此时could没有过去式的意思。
如:Could you do me a favour?
—Could I use your pen?
—Yes, you (注意回答)
might
might为may的过去式。might表示推测时,表示可能性低于may(此时might没有过去式的意思),当请求讲时,比may的语气更委婉。
He is away from He might be
Might I use your dictionary?
can
(1)表示能力,一般译为“能、会”,尤其指生来具备的能力。
如:She can swim fast, but I can’t .
(2)表示许可,常在口语中。
如:You can use my
(3)表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t译为“不可能”。
如:—Can the news be true?
—No, it can’t be our He is on a visit to the Great
并列结构中,and用于肯定句,or通常用于否定句表示“和,与”之意。
There are some students and teachers on the
There is no air or water in the
---I don’t like chicken ___
---I don’t like chicken, ___ I like fish very
and; and and; but
or; but or;and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。
or用在选择疑问句中,意为“或者,还是”。例如:
Is he a doctor or a teacher?
他是医生还是教师?
Did you do your homework or watch TV last night?
你昨晚做作业还是看电视了?
Are they singing or reading English?
他们是在唱歌还是在读英语?
or在句型“祈使句+or+陈述句”中,表示在以祈使句为条件下的相反假设,or意为“否则,要不然”。例如:
Work hard,or you will fall
你要努力学习,否则会落后。
I must work hard, or I"ll fail in the
我要努力学习,否则考试要不及格了。
either…or 意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如:
Either you or I am
不是你对,就是我对。
or在“either…or…”结构中,意为“要么……要么……”。连结的并列成份可在句中作主语、表语、谓语、宾语等。例如:
Either she or I am
不是她对就是我对。(连接主语)
The shoes in the shop were either too big or too small for
店里的鞋对我来说不是太大就是太小(连接表语)
He either does his homework or watches TV on
他星期天要么做作业,要么看电视。(连接谓语)
We play either football or basketball in the
下午我们不是踢足球就是打篮球。(连接宾语)
or表示不确切、模糊的陈述。例如:
This story happened five or six years
这个故事发生在四、五年前。
Is the street straight? More or
这棵树直吗?差不多。
She will find that she was wrong sooner or
她迟早会发现她是错的
一、记单词
学习英语历来都是把单词的学习作为起点也是重点,对于初中生来说也是一样。我们要记住,背单词的时候不要孤立的去背,我们初中的时候最习惯的就是背拼写。比如where这个单词,一般我们都是where where的背,背的时候只是记住了这几个孤立的字母但是没有记住单词,过两天又忘记了。那我们可以把单词放在一个整体的环境中去背诵,比如:Where are you going?(你准备去哪里呢)这样就没那么容易忘记。我们小时候学汉语时候都是在句子的熏陶下记住那些一个个词语的,所以整体的环境很重要。另外记忆单词可以利用一切可能的办法去记住,比如分类记忆:我们把校园的有关词汇放在一起,把有关动物的有关词汇放在一起,或者天文,地理等。如果会写段子的话也可以编写容易记住的段子来加深记忆,小编初中的时候就用过这样的英语学习小技巧。
二、语法的学习
初中是学习英语语法的初始阶段,初中学好了英语语法,对以后的语法学习就会变得更加轻松。初中的时候我们学习的更多的是词法而不是句法,考试题目中基本也比较少的句法题。所以初中一定要把重心放在词法上,就是名词,介词,冠词,代词,形容词等上面,而这些东西是最零碎的也是最头疼的,我们就更要有耐心。在学校学完之后建议回家再重新巩固一遍,温故而知新。用不同的笔色去标记难的和简单的有利于快速学习英语,并且经常去阅读。可以去书店买一本英语语法书籍,不懂的时候可以及时翻阅,这样也可以提升自己的初中英语学习方法。
三、文章内容的学习
现在教材难度越来越大,学生在老师讲课之前一定要提前预习文章的内容,把自己认为比较难的单词和语法先画出来,这样就可以提高英语的学习效率。对于文章里面比较经典的句子或者词汇可以抄下来背诵,为提升自己的写作技巧打下基础。要掌握更多的初中英语学习方法,课堂上的文章太过教条和局限,缺乏生动性和乐趣性。因此,课后可以延伸一下,多读写课外文章,有助于学习到更广的知识,也会在阅读中提高学习英语的兴趣。
四、写作
强大的阅读功底是写出好文章的保证,俗话说“读破万卷书,下笔如有神”,“熟读唐诗三百首,不会做诗也会吟”,因此还是要多读课外文章。初中生写文章并不需要太多的字数,因为初中生的写作句子不是太复杂,只是一些简单句子的结合。结合上面所说的,我觉得英汉互译是最好的写英语作文的方法,把没有语法错误的话正确的写出来,结合起来就是一片很好的作文了。
两者比较时用形容词比较级,其结构为“ 比较级 + than ”。如:Actions speak louder than
在两者之间选择“哪一个更……”时,用句型“Which / Who is +比较级, or ”。如:Which sweater is cheaper, the red one or the yellow one?
表示“两者之间最……的一个”时,用“the + 比较级”。如:Lucy is the taller of the
表示“越……,越……”时,用“the + 比较级,the + 比较级”。如:The more you eat, the fatter you will
表示“越来越……”时,用“比较级 + and + 比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词用“more and more + 形容词原级”。如:We should make our country more and more
形容词比较级前可以用下列词修饰:much, a little, far, a bit, a few, a lot, even, still, rather等。如:It"s much colder today than
that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English
请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking
这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用例如:
He was the first person that passed the
他是第一个通过考试的人。
被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时,只能用that,而不用例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用例如:
This is the same bike that I
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which,例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
关系代词前有介词时,which,而不用例如:
This is the room in which he
这是他居住的房间。
引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时,用which, 而不用that,例如:
Tom came back, which made us
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he
这是他到达的时间。
where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he
这是他工作的地点。
why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
(一)名词、代词、数词
名词
㈠总分:⒈专有名词:个别的人、事等专有的名称。
⒉普通名词。
㈡事物的性质:
⒈不可数名词。数词+量词(s)+不可数名词 如:two pieces of bread
⒉可数名词:
⑴规则:①一般加 s。②以 sh, s, ch, x2, o +es yo-yo/zoo/photo/radio/piano/kilo+s ③以 e1结尾的加 s。
man driver---- men drivers ④辅音字母加 y 去y 为 i 加 es。元音字母+y +
⑵不规则:①man-men woman-women child-children tooth-teeth foot-feet people-people sheep-sheep deer-deer mouse-mice
② 以 f 或fe结尾,变为 ves。
thief3, wife4, self5, life6, half, leaf7, knife,
小偷妻子自生活,半片叶小刀狼。
③表示民族的名词:复数词形不难记,中日友谊是一致;
英法联盟 a 改 e ,其 佘 一律加 s。
㈢所有格:在英语中有些名词可以加 ’ s 来表示所有关系。
⑴单数名词加’s。
⑵以 s 结尾的复数名词加’ 读音不变。
⑶不以 s 结尾的复数名词加’s。
无生命的用of+名词。
3。表示时间、距离、世界、国家、城镇等名词+“’s/’”
双重所有格:限定词+名词+of +"’s" /“of+名词性物主代词”
A and B’s“两人共用” A’s and B’s“一人一个”
代词
㈠人称代词:表示你们、我们、他们的代词。
⑴主格(作主语)①第一人称:单数:I 复数:we 。
② 第 二人称:单数:you
复数:you
③第三人称:单数:he,she, 复数:they
⑵宾格(作宾语)①第一人称:单数:me 复数:us ② 第 二人称:单数:you
复数:you
③第三人称:单数:him,her, 复数:them
英语中把“我”排在后
it指无生命的东西、天气、时间、距离、形式主语、形式宾语。
㈡物主代词:表示所有关系的代词。
⑴形容词性(作定语)①第一人称:单数:my 复数:our ② 第 二人称:
单数your 复数:your
③第三人称:单数:him,her, 复数:their
⑵名词性:①第一人称:单数:mine 复数:ours ② 第 二人称:单数:yours
复数:yours
③第三人称:单数:his,hers, 复数:theirs
of+名词性物主代词=of+名词所有格
㈢反身代词:表示我自己、你自己、他自己的代词。
①第一人称:单数:myself 复数:ourselves。
② 第 二人称:单数:yourself
复数:yourselves ③第三人称:单数:himself,herself,
复数:
by oneself“独自地”/of oneself“自动地”
㈣指示代词:this,that,these,those,
㈤不定代词:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any, 由some,any,no,every构成的合成代词。
㈥疑问代词:who(主格),whom(宾格),whose(所有格),what(职业),
which(人/物),how,where,when,why。
a few/ few/ a little/ little one/ it / that/this the others/another/others/the other
everybody/somebody/anybody/nobody14 either/neither/both/none everything/anything/something/nothing
数词:表示数目多少或顺序次第的词。
㈠基数词(数目)
⒈从1--100的基数词。
基数词不难记,找清规律很容易;十二以内词各异,需要逐个来记忆;十三至十九结尾均是teen,记时千万莫忘记;二十至九十 十词后都有ty,拼写一定要仔细;几十几中间的“-”莫丢弃;a hundred 是一百,千万别大意。以上口诀全记下,反复练习成绩提。
⒉从 21--99。先说几十,再说几,中间加连字号。
⒊从101--999。千位数加逗号,再加百位数,再加 and , 再加未两位数 。
(hundred/thousand/million/billion)
⒋有时基数词可以以复数形式出现。
hundreds
⒌几十的复数形式可表示人的岁数或年代。in one’s in the (thirties)
⒍分数表达法:分子(基数词)分母(序数词)
分数词+of+名词 one third/ two thirds/a half/a quarter/three fourths15
⒎数学公式的读法:3+8=11 Three plus/and eight is
9-7=2 Nine minus16 seven is
6×5=30 Six times five is / Multiply17 six by five is
8÷4=2 Eight divided18 by four is
时刻的表示法:0---past---30---to---60 o’clock
half a hour(半小时);two and a half hours/two hours and a half(两个半小时);a quarter (一刻钟)
㈡序数词(顺序)
⒈基序变化的口诀:
第一二三特殊例,词尾字母 tdd ; th 词尾从四起,ve 要用 f 替;
八减七,九减 e, ty 变为 tie; 要是碰到几十几,只变个位就可以。
(the +序数词,a(n)+序数词“又、再”)如: a third man
⒉注意 Room 201, 1949, May 23(May the twenty-third), 9:15 的读法。
what month/ what’s the date?/ what
情态动词
1。主要词义:can (能、会、可以) ,may(可以) ,must (必须、应该) ,need(需要、不必) , have to(必须、不得不)
2。推测意义:can 用于否定句或疑问句“可能、不可能” ,may 用于肯定句或否定句,“可能、也许” ,must用于肯定句,“一定是”。
3。对含有情态动词问句肯定或否定答语:
can(肯:can,否:can’); may(肯:may,否:mustn’t/mayn’t); must(肯:must,否:needn’t/don’t have to)
情态动词和一些固定短语相互转换:
can----be able20 to; must----have to; needn’t----don’t have to
介词:是一种虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词或代词(或相当于名词的其它词类)构成介词短语,才能在句子中充当一个成分。
1。与名词搭配。如:at midnight/at the head 与形容词搭配。如:be afraid of / be pround of 与动词搭配。如:laugh at / agree21 与其他搭配。如:instead of / from now
表示时间的介词:
in +一段时间“将来”/after+一段时间“过去”
for +一段时间“多久”(过去/现在/将来) since23“自-----起”(完成时 )
by“到-----为止”(过去完成时) during“在-----期间”
2。表示工具、手段、方法的介词:
by “以----方式/方法/手段” with “以----具体的工具/手段”
in“以----方式/用----语言” through“通过----径”
3。表示地点、位置的介词:
at“在 ---- 附近/旁边” in “在---- 范围内” on “在(线、面)附近”
to“在---- 范围之外”
above “在 ---- 上方”-反-below over “在 ----正上方”-反-under
on与之接触。
4。before“在 ---- 前面(接触)” in front of“在---- (外部)的前面”
in the front of“在 ---- 前面部”
二)动词句法功能、时态、语态
动词的句法功能:
㈠人称:与主语在人称上一致。
I am You are
㈡数:与主语在数上一致。
He writes They write
㈢时态:表示动作发生的时间。
I wrote25 a letter I will write a letter
㈣语态:表示主语是做这动作的人或物还是承受动作的人或物。
The book was26 written by LuXun wrote the
㈤语气:表示说话人认为这句话是事实,是要求做的事,还是假想虚拟的事。
He’s written to (陈述事实) Write to me, (提出要求)
I wish he would27 write to (表示愿望)
动词时态、语态
㈠时态复习:作谓语的动词用来表示动作发生时间的各种形式。
⒈一般现在时
⑴用法:①经常或习惯性的动作。②真理:The earth28 moves round the
③在时间或条件状语从句中,一般现在时表示将来。Tell her about that when she comes We’ll go there if it doesn’t rain this
⑵结构:
①一般加动词原形 。②主语是第三人称单数时,动词词尾加
③be和have有特殊形式。
④在构成否定/疑问时,要借助助动词
⑶Key words: every, always, often, usually,sometimes,once a
⒉一般过去时
⑴。用法:① 在过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态 。②过去习惯性的动作,常与 often,always 连用。
③在时间或条件状语人句中,可表示过去将来时。He would ring me up as19 soon as he
⑵.结构:①动词的过去式。②动词 be ( was, were)
③构成否定或疑问时,借助助动词
⑶ Key words: last, yesterday, just now, ago, in 20XX, at that
“used to +动词原形”
⒊一般将来时
⑴。用法:① 有表示将来时间的状语,有时没有时间状语,要从意思上判断是否指将来的情况。②在时间或条件状语从句中,不用将来时态 ,而用现在时 。
⑵。结构:① shall31 ( 第一人称问句中,征求对方意见或询问情况) ②。will ( 问对方是否愿意,表客气的邀请或命令 ) ③。be going32 to ( 打算、准备做的事,即将发生、肯定要发生的事 )④。go/come/start/move/leave/arrive/stay/move 用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。
⑶。Key words: this evening, next, in a week, tomorrow, before long, tonight, later33 on )
⒋一般过去将来时
⑴。用法:从过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作,常用于宾语从句中。
⑵。结构:①。should ②. would ③was/were going to
⑶.Key words: the
⒌现在进行时
⑴。用法:① 此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。② 位移动词 ( go, come, leave, start ) 和终止性动词可用进行时表示将来。We are leaving next He is
⑵.结构:be 动词+
⑶.Key words: now, look, listen, this time, at 4:00,between 4:00 and
⒍过去进行时
⑴。用法:①在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。I was reading35 a book this time ②没有时间状语,通过上下文暗示判断。She was having lunch when I
⑵.结构:was/were + V-ing
⑶.Key words: this time yesterday, at that time,at four last Sunday,
from 6:00 to 9:00 last
⒎现在完成时
⑴。用法:①表示过去某一动作对现在产生的影响或结果。
He has read the ②表示到现在为止这一时期中的情况。I have walked to work these ③ 11个终止性动词:( come, go, open, close, leave, arrive, start, begin, become, join,borrow,) 不能与 for, since 等表示一段时间的状语连用。
B。在否定句中可以,因为否定式可表示状态 ,而状态是可延续的。I haven’t heard from her for a long
⑵结构:has/have +
⑶.Key words: already36, never, ever13, just, before, yet37, since ( for ) + 从句,in the past…, ever since, these days,so far, by the end of, how long ( how many times ) 引导的疑问句。
。have been to 与 have gone to 的区别。
⒏过去完成时
⑴。用法:①表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。②通过上下文暗示。
⑵。结构:had + 过去分词 ( 表示过去的过去 )
⑶。Key words: by, before + 短语或从句,
语态复习
语态
⒈主动语态:
表示主语是动作的执行者。
⒉被动语态 (承受者)
⑴。用法:当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或没必要指出谁是动作的执行者时,或只需强调动作的承受者时。
⑵。结构:①一般现在时的被动语态:be + 过去分词 ②一般过去时的被动语态:was/were + 过去分词 ③一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态:情态动词 + be + 过去分词。
⑶。注意点。
①被动语态的主语。
Ⅰ。介词宾语不能作被动的主语。We can change water into →Water can be changed into
Ⅱ.不定式的宾语不能作被动的主语。We often hear her sing this →She is often heard to sing this
Ⅲ.宾语补足语不能作被动的主语。They made39 Li Ping →Li Ping was made
Ⅳ.直接宾语(物)作被动的主语时,间接宾语(人)前要加 to 或 I gave41 Joan a →A knife was given42 to Joan by
Ⅴ.地点状语不能作被动的主语。Russian43 is also taught44 in our
②被动语态的谓语。
Ⅰ。两种语态互换时,谓语动词应按变化后的主语而定。Mr Smith teaches them →They are taught
Ⅱ.使役动词(make,hear/listen,let,watch,feel,see/look)变被动时,要恢复被省略的 His father made him do that →He was made to do that
③被动语态的短语动词保持完整性。She can take care45 of the old →The old man can be taken care
④不及物动词或相当不及物动词的短语不能构成被动。Great changes have taken place in my hometown46 these
⑤that 引导的宾语从句变被动时, it 作形式主语。They say that he is much →It is said47 that he is much
(三)非谓语动词
动词不定式
㈠结构:⒈肯定式:to +动词原形 ⒉否定式:not+to+动词原形
㈡用法:
⒈作主语(常用 it 作形式主语)It’s+名词(+for sb)+to do sth和It’s+形容词(for/of sb)+to do It is not easy to learn a foreign48
⒉作宾语“意愿/企图”(want/agree/decide/begin/like/afford/plan/try)。They began to
⒊作宾补“命令/忠告”(tell/ask/want/wish/allow;感官动词和使役动词)。Jim asked me to help him with his
⒋作后置定语。I have an important51 meeting52 to
⒌作状语(目的状语:come/go/live;原因状语:sorry/glad/surprised/pleased/angry;结果状语:too---to/enough----to)。She went to see her grandma
⒍疑问词+动词不定式=名词短语。How to learn English well is a
7。had38 better---/Why not---?/Will (Would) you please---?+不带to的不定式
㈢注意点
⒈不带 to 的动词不定式(表示动作的全过程)或现在分词(表示动作正在进行)作宾补。(一感二听三让四看。feel, listen to,hear,let,make,have,see,watch,notice,observe)
感官动词和使役动词在被动语态中,其前要加上to。
⒉可跟不定式又可跟动名词。(一记二忘三遗憾,四试五图六停止。remember,
forget,regret,try,mean,stop)+to (全过程) / +Ving(正在进行)
⒊跟动名词作宾语。(妹不识咖啡 mepscafe, mind/miss,enjoy,practise,suggest,consider,admit/avoid,finish,escape)
动词的- ing形式
finish/enjoy/mind/suggest/give up/keep on/can’t help /practise/feel like/be worth+动词的- ing形式
(四)形容词、副词的比较等级
形容词
㈠形容词:用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征。
㈡用法:作定语,作表语和宾语补足语。
㈢比较等级:
⒈构成:
⑴单音节词:①一般加 ②以 e 结尾的加 ③辅音+y 去 y 变 i 再加 ④重读 音节的双写,再加 er/est。
⑵部分双章节词的加 如:careful, useful54, friendly55, .
⑶不规则的:good--better--best, bad/ill--worse--worst, many/much--more--most, little--less50--least, far--farther--farthest,
⒉基本句型:
⑴原级:①主语+谓语+as +形容词原级+as+从句(省略与主句相同部分)、“和……一样” ② not as (so) + 原级 +as
⑵比较级:① A +be +比较级 + than + “一方比另一方更……”( A 和B在句中的功能一致)
② A +be +比较级 + than any other +单数名词。“比任何人/物都……”
③A +be +比较级 + than anyone56 /anything else。
“比其它任何人/物都……”
④ less +原级+than+… “不如……” He is less strong than
表示程度的词:much(得多) far(得多) even(更)a little(一点) a bit57 (一点) any(一点) 来修饰。
⑶最高级:①主语+ be +the +最高级+名词+ in/of/among +短语 “最……”
② the very +最高级 = much the +最高级
③one of + the +最高级+复数名词 “是……最……之一”
④最高级有时不表示比较,“非常,很”
This is a most interesting
复合形容词:数词+单数名词+形容词 如:
副词
副词:修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。
㈠。用法:⒈地点:here, there, up, ⒉时间: now, yesterday, always, never, ⒊方式: badly58, carefully59, ⒋程度: much, very, so, quite,
⒌疑问:when, where, who,
㈡比较等级:
⒈构成:
⑴单音节词:①一般加 ②以 e 结尾的加
③辅音+y 去 y 变 i 再加 ④重读闭音节的双写,再加 er/est。
⑵部分双章节词的加 如:slowly, .
⑶不规则的:well--better--best, bad--worse--worst, much--more--most,
little--less--least,
⒉基本句型:
⑴原级:①主语+谓语+as +原级+as+从句(省略与主句相同部分)、
“和……一样”
② not as (so) + 原级 +as
⑵比较级:① A +be +比较级 + than + “一方比另一方更……”( A 和B在句中的功能一致)
② A +be +比较级 + than any other +单数名词。“比任何人/物都……”
③A +be +比较级 + than anyone /anything else。
“比其它任何人/物都……”
④ less +原级+than+… “不如……” He is less well than
表示程度的词:much(得多) far(得多) even(更)a little(一点) a bit (一点) any(一点) 来修饰。
⑶最高级:①主语+ be +the +最高级+名词+ in/of/among +短语 “最……”
② the very +最高级 = much the +最高级
③one of + the +最高级+复数名词 “是……最……之一”
④在副词的最高级前用不用定冠词都可以,不用时更多一些。
He works61 hardest of
(五)冠词
一.概念:不能单独作句子成份,用于名词之前,用来说明名词所指的事.
二.不定冠词(a/an)
泛指某一人/物. a+辅音 如: a useful an+元音 如: an hour/f/h/m/n/r/x
+单数可数名词 数量中的"一"
(what)/quite/rather+形容词+单数名词; so/as/too/how+形容词+单数名词
what a bright girl/such an interesting story/too kind a woman
词组:a lot of ; 习惯用语: at breakfast/by
三.定冠词(the)
独一无二的.
双方都知道的/上文提过的人/物.
+特定的人/物/乐器/序数词/形容词最高级
习惯用语:in the
四.不用冠词.
三餐/球类
日/月份/四季/星期
称呼/头衔
所有格/代词+名词
连系动词+序数词(表语) He is 动词+序数词 He comes
形容词性物主代词/所有格+ 序数词 his first day
(七)主谓一致
主谓一致:在英语句中,谓语受主语动支配,必须同主语在人称和数上保持一致。
名词+as well as/no less than/but/except/with/like +其他名词,作主语时,谓语与前面的第一个名词一致.
few/a few/both/many/several+名词复数/of+名词复数+复数
不定代词/疑问代词(something/anything/anywhere/somewhere/where/when)+单数
语法一致原则:句子谓语动词的数取决于该句子主语的数。
1。“the+姓氏名词的复数形式”(---的成员)+复数 2。all/some/half/enough/two thirds +名词(单/复数)+单/复数 复数形式的名词:clothes/trousers/shorts(短裤)/glasses/scissors/gloves/chopsticks等+复数
计量单位(pair)+ 复数形式的名词+谓语取决于 计量单位
意义一致原则:谓语动词的单、复数形式,取决于主语所表达的概念。
集体名词:people/public(公共)/police/crew(船员)+复数 2。复数形式,单数意义。(news/physics/maths/politics) 集合名词:class/family/team/Chinese/Japanese强调总体--单数;强调个体--复数。The class has 45 The class are planting trees on the
时间、距离、价格、重量的复数名词/算式+单数 Ten days is a long
"the +形容词"“表一类人”+复数; The rich have much
and + 复数 7。one of/each of/none of/either of/neither of +名词+单数 number(许多) +n +复数;the number (---的数量)+n +单数
9。名词+and+名词“表同一人/物用单数”“表不同人/物用复数”
The writer62 and the speaker63 are from the The writer and speaker is from the
就近一致原则:谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词/代词的数保持一致。
but/either--- or---/neither--- nor---/not only--- but also--- +就近原则
be+并列主语
(八)句子
句子种类(句子在句中的用 )
㈠陈述句:用来说明事实或说话人的看法。⒈ 肯定式 ⒉否定式(do/does/did)。
㈡疑问句( 提问题)
⒈一般疑问句:用Yes或 No 回答的疑问句。
⒉特殊疑问句:以疑问词(when/where/who/how/why/what)开头的疑问句。
⒊选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种。
结构:一般疑问句 + or + 一般疑问句。(把后一部分里和前一部分相同的成 分省略。)
⒋反意疑问句。
①表示提问者有一定的主见,但没把握,希望对方来证实。
②降调(把握较大),升调(把握不大)
⑴在英语口语中,I am后面的疑问尾句常用aren’
I’m late, aren’t I?
⑵在肯定祈使句后面用won’t you 表示邀请。
Sit down, won’t you?
⑶在肯定祈使句后面用will you 表示请求。
Give me a hand, will you?
⑷但在否定祈使句后面用will you?
Don’t forget, will you?
⑸在Let us 后面常用will you?
Let us have a short break, will you?
⑹在Let’s 后面常用shall we?
Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
⑺There be 后面的疑问尾句的用
There’s something wrong, isn’t there?
⑻含有nothing 做主语的句子用it 避免重复。
Nothing can stop us, can it?
⑼含有nobody做主语的句子用they来代
Nobody phoned while64 I was out, did they?
⑽如果陈述句部分主语是everyone,someone,anyone,no one等不定代词,其附加问句部分的主语可以用he,也可以用
Everyone knows it, doesn’t he?/ don’t they?
⑾如果陈述部分含有否定副词如:seldom,hardly,never,few,little等,则其附加部分用肯定形式。
You seldom65 go there, do you?
⑿回答。若事实是肯定的用Yes, 事实是否定的用No。
He doesn’t speak English, does he?
他不讲英语,是吧?
Yes, he No, he doesn’
不,他讲。
是的,他不讲。
(13) "主句+宾语从句"的反意疑问句中与主句一致.
㈢祈使句:(请求,命令) ⒈肯定式:Come in, ⒉否定式:Don’t come in,
祈使句(动词)用原形,一三人称 Let 句型; 第二人称省掉 you, 否定开头用Don’t 形;若要客气表请求,please 前后均可行。
㈣感叹句(用来表达强烈的感情。)⒈ How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语 (状语)⒉ What + 名词词组 + 主语 +谓语(定语)
句子成份(组成句子的各个部分)
㈠。主语:什么人或什么事情。(名词、代词、相当于名词的词或短语)
㈡。谓语:做什么,是什么,怎么样(动词)
㈢。表语:说明主语是什么或怎么样和连系动词一起构成谓语。(名词、形容词、相当名词或形容词的词或短语。)
㈣宾语:表示动作、行为的对象和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。(名词、代词、相当名词的词或短语)
㈤宾语补足语:帮助补充说明宾语。(名词、形容词、动词不定式)We must keep the room
㈥定语:用来修饰名词或代词。(形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、相当形容词的词或短语)
㈦状语:用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度。(副词、介词短语、相当副词的词或短语)
句子类型
㈠简单句的五种基本句型。(由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。)
⒈ S + V ⒉ S+V+P ⒊S+V+O ⒋ S+V+IO+DO ⒌S+V+O+C
㈡并列句:由并列连词( and, so, but, or ) 把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。
联合并列句:and(和、并且) ,not only----but also---(不但----而且----)
转折并列句:but (但是) ,however66(然而) ,yet (但是) ,while(而,然而)
选择并列句:or(或者,否则,要不然) ,either---or---(或者----或者---) ,neither---nor---(既不--- 又 不----)
因果并列句:for(因为) ,so (所以) .
㈢复合句:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。
⒈宾语从句:在复合句中作主句的宾语。
。宾语从句的五要点:①确定连词 ②注意词序 ③调整时态 ④留心否定 ⑤句未标点
⑴。结构:主句+引导词+宾语从句
⑵。标点符号:①主句是陈述式用句号。②主句是疑问式用问号。
⑶。引导词:①从句是陈述句用 ②从句是特殊疑问句用疑问词。③从句是一般疑问句用 if/whether。
⑷。语序:从句一律采用陈述式。
⑸。从句的谓语动词受主句的谓语动词制约。
主句 从句
现在时态 根据实际需要
过去时态 原来时态 应改时态
一般将来 过去将来
一般现在 一般过去
一般过去 过去完成
现在进行 过去进行
现在完成 过去完成
⑹。特殊情况。
①从句中有特定的某一过去时间状语,不管主句用什么时态,从句仍用一般过去时。
She told me that she was born67 in
②从句是一个真理,不管主句用什么时态,从句仍用一般现在时。
The teacher told me that light travels68 much faster than
③主句的谓语动词是 think, believe69, feel 等,从句中否定移到主句来。
I don’t believe that he will come
④转述他人话时,注意人称的变换。
He says,"I am a " ---He says that he is a
⑤主句的谓语动词是 find, make, think 等带复合宾语,用“及物动词+it+宾补+宾语从句”。I think it necessary70 that we’ll have a meeting
⒉状语从句(意思)
⑴时间状语从句(when, before, after,while,as,since,until,as soon as) ⑵原因状语从句(as,since,because) ⑶比较状语从句(than,as,as---as,not so----as)⑷条件状语从句(if, unless) ⑸地点状语从句(where) ⑹目的状语从句( so that ) ⑺结果状语从句(so/such----that) ⑻让步状语从句(although,though,even though,no matter what/how/when)
定语从句
⑴概念:从句作定语.
⑵先行词: that(人/物) which(物) who/whom(人)
㈦构词法:
㈠合成法是把两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列构成新词的方法。如:classroom, something,
㈡派生法是指将粘着词素附到自由词素上构成新词。前缀/后缀。如:worker, quickly,
㈢转化法:英语中常出现一词多性或多义现象。
⒈名词→形容词 。
help-helpful, care-careful, sun-sunny,
⒉动词→名词 . run-runner,
⒊形容词→副词.
⑴ 以 l 结尾+ ly。如:
final72 -finally73 ⑵辅音字母 +e +ly 。如:wide- widely
⑶以 le 结尾,去e +ly 。如:terrible -terribly76 ⑷元音字母+e 结尾,去 e +ly。如:true- truly78
⑸以y结尾:①y读[I],去 y为 i +ly。如:
busy -busily。②y读[ai]+ly 。如:dry -dryly。
注:⒈有的单词以 ly 结尾,却不是副词。如:
friendly。
⒉有的形容词、副词的词形不变。如:early, late, much, right, straight,
关于英语中及物动词与不及物动词的知识学习,我们做下面的内容讲解。
及物动词与不及物动词
根据其后是否带宾语,动词可分为及物动词(带宾语)和不及物动词(不带宾语)。如:
When will he arrive? 他什么时候到?(arrive 不带宾语,为不及物动词)
He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到达北京。(reach 带了宾语,为及物动词)
有的动词既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词:
The child is playing. 这小孩在玩。(不及物用法)
The child is playing the piano. 这小孩在弹钢琴。(及物用法)
He is writing. 他在写字。(不及物用法)
He is writing a letter. 他在写信。(及物用法)
The boy is reading. 这男孩在阅读。
(不及物用法)
The boy is reading a magazine. 这男孩在看杂志。(及物用法)
上面对及物动词与不及物动词知识的内容讲解学习,希望给同学们的学习很好的帮助,相信同学们会学习的更好的吧。
1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:
every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every 每天早上我七点离开家。
2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of 上海位于中国东部。
3)表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
比较:Now I put the sugar in the 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
返回动词的时态目录
宾语从句是中考英语的必考点,会出现于中考英语的各个题型中,因此是同学们必须要掌握的语法点之一。中考英语对于宾语从句的考查,主要集中于时态和语序两点。让我们一起走近宾语从句,看看它的真身吧!
(一)宾语从句的含义
在整个句子中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
如:She knew that the teacher had seen the
她知道这位老师看过这部电影。
(“that the teacher had seen the film”做 knew 的宾语,同时又是由连接词 that 引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。)
(二) 宾语从句的分类
动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。
例如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our 他问我们班上谁的书法最好。
介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。
例如:I agree with what you said just 我同意你刚才说的话。
形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。
例如:I am afraid that I will be 恐怕我要迟到了。
(三)引导名词性从句的连接词
that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分
表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。
I don"t know if /whether he still lives here after so many 我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。
连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)
连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)
The small children don"t know what is in their (what 在宾语从句中做主语)
这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?(why 在宾语从句中做原因状语)
你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗?
(四)在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点
时态
①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。
I don"t know when he will come 我不知道他将何时回来。
He tells me that his sister came back 他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。
②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。
She asked me if I knew whose pen it 她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
He said that he could finish his work before 他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。
The teacher said that the earth goes round the 老师说过地球绕着太阳转。
语序
任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。
一.一般现在时
结构
肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他
否定句式: 主语+(助动词) don"t/doesn"t +动词原形+其他
一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他
简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not
缩写形式: don"t = do not doesn"t = does not
例句:He often goes swimming in
I usually leave home for school at 7 every
用法
1)表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常与表示频度的副词连用。
常用的频度副词有:
always、often、 usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on 频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前,系动词、助动词之后。
例如: He often goes swimming in
I usually leave home for school at 7 every
2)表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。
例如:All my family love football . My sister is always ready to help others .
Ann writes good English but does not speak
3)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。
例如:The earth moves around the
Shanghai lies in the east of
4)表示按计划或安排好的,或将要发生的动作,可用一般现在时表将来。
但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。
例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow
He comes back
5)在复合句中,当主句是一般将来时,时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。
例如:
I"ll tell him the news when he comes
If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater
二.一般过去时态
结构
肯定句式: 主语+动词过去式+其他
否定句式: 主语+(助动词)didn’t +动词原形+其他
一般疑问句式: Did+主语+动词原形+其他
简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+did (否)No,主语+did not
基本结构
否定句
一般疑问句
Be动词
was/were+not
was/were提前,放于句首
行为动词
didn’t+do(动词原形)
Did+主语+do(动词原形)
用法
1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况。常和表示过去的时间状语yesterday, just now, the other day, in 1982, ago, an hour ago, long long ago, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), at the age of 5, one day, once upon a time等连用
例如:Where did you go just now?
After a few years, she started to play the
2)表示在过去,经常或反复发生的动作。常与often,always等表示频度的副词连用。
例如:When I was a child, I often played football in the
我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
3)一般过去式也可与today,this week,this month,this year等表现在的时间状语连用,但这些时间状语须指过去的时间,决不包含“现在”“此时此刻”的意思。
例如:Did you see him today?今天你看见他了吗?
三.一般将来时
结构
结构1:
肯定句式:主语+助动词will+动词原形+其他
否定句式:主语+助动词will+动词原形+not+其他
一般疑问句式:助动词Will+主语+动词原形+其他
简单回答:在口语中,will在名词或代词后常缩为’ll,wii not常简缩为won’t。
在疑问句中,主语为第一人称时(I和we)时,常用助动词shall。
例如:She’ll go to play
Shall we go to the zoo?
结构2:
肯定句式:主语+be going to +动词原形+其他
否定句式:主语+be not going to +动词原形+其他
一般疑问句式:Be+主语+going to+动词原形+其他
简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语+be (否)No,主语+be not
用法
1)表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…), soon, in a few minutes, by…, the day after tomorrow等连用。
例如:I"ll meet you at the school gate tomorrow
2)、表示说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测,通常用于be afraid, be/feel sure, hope, know, think等后面的从句或与副词perhaps,possibly,maybe等连用。
例如:I think she’ll go back home for
Maybe she’ll go to the
将来时其他表示法
1)be going to表示将来
表示说话人的打算、计划、安排或根据迹象判断必然或很可能发生的事情。
例如:What are you going to do tomorrow?
The play is going to be produced next month。
注意:be going to 和will之间的区别。
l 在时间上:be going to通常表示马上要发生或相当快就要发生的事情;而will不指明任何具体时间,可以指遥远的未来。
He is going to be
He will be
l 计划/临时:两者都表示意图时,be going to含有预先计划、准备的意思;will则指未经过预先思考或计划,是临时的一种决定。
— What are you going to do next Sunday?
— I"m going to go
— Where is the telephone book?
— I"ll go and get it for
l 两者都用于预测时,be going to意指有迹象表明某件事将要发生,属客观的推测;will则意指说话人认为/相信某件事将要发生,属主观的推测。
l 在条件状语从句中,be going to表将来,will表意愿。
例如:If you are going to make a journey, you"d better get ready for it as soon as
Miss Gao will tell you the answer if you ask
2)“be to+动词原形”表示客观安排或受人指示而将要做某事。
例如:We are to discuss the report next
3)be about to +动词原形,意为马上做某事。不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用,多于when引导的时间状语连用。
例如:He is about to leave for
四.现在进行时
结构:
am/is/are+动词的现在分词
用法:
1)表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生或进行的动作。常与now, right now, at this moment, at this time, these days等时间状语连用。注:如果句首有警示性动词look、listen等,主句的动词也与现在进行时连用。
例如:We are waiting for you
Listen! The bird is singing in the
2).表示现阶段(说话前后一段时间内),一直在进行的活动。说话时动作未必正在进行。
例如:
Green is writing another 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
He is thinking about this 这些天来他一直在考虑这个问题。
3).表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,常与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
例如:You are always changing your
4).表示尚未完成的渐变过程,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
例如:The leaves are turning
It"s getting warmer and
5)、表示移位的动词,如go,come,leave,start,arrive等,其现在进行时可表将来。
例如:I"m leaving 明天我要走了。
The train is arriving 火车要到了。
注:不能用进行时态的动词
类别
举例
感官类
See,look,smell,hear,taste,notice,feel
感觉类
Love,agree,like,hate,want,fear,wish,prefer
认知类
Believe,think,understand,forget,remember
存在类
Appear,exist,lie,remain
占有、从属类
Have,own,contain,belong,possess,consist of
短暂动作类
Accept,receive,admit,decide,promise,give,finish
五.现在完成时
结构:
肯定句:主语+助动词have(has)+动词过去分词-ed
否定句:主语+助动词have(has)+not(haven’t,hasn’t)+动词过去分词-ed
一般疑问句:Have(Has)+ 主语+动词过去分词-ed+?
特殊疑问句:疑问词+have(has)+ 主语+动词过去分词-ed+?
用法
含义:现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。
1)现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等 Wang has just come back from 王先生刚从美国回来。
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film
Have they found the missing child yet?
现在完成时中的时间状语:
★already通常用于肯定句中,意为―已经,位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾,表示惊讶。
例如:We have already cleaned the
Have you finished it already?
★yet用于疑问句中表示―已经;用于否定句中,表示还(没)。
例如:—Has he found his watch yet?他还没找到他的表吗?
—No, not 是, 还没有。
★ever意为曾经,常用于疑问句或否定句中,位于助动词和过去分词之间,表示从过去到目前为止的时间。
例如:
Have you ever been there?你曾经去过那里吗?
Nothing has ever happened 这里未曾发生过什么事。
★never意为(曾经)从未、没有, 是否定副词,在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如:
I haven’t ever spoken to = I have never spoken to 我从未跟她讲过话。
★just意为―刚刚, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。
He has just come back from 他刚从学校回来。
★ just now意为―刚才, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。
He came from school just 他刚才从学校回来。
★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用,since 与时间点连用。注意:since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。
I have been to Shanghai twice since
I haven’t seen her since she left
I saw Ping Ping six years Since I havenever seen
★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。
have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来
have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了
have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用
She has been to Shanghai 她以前曾去过上海。
She has been in Shanghai for ten 她在上海10年了。
Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗?但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao?2)、现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在,常带有for或since 等表示一段时间的状语。
如:Mr Wang has lived here since
I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film
Have they found the missing child yet?
3)、现在完成时瞬间动词即终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
常见终止性动词与延续性动词 (或状态动词) 的对应关系如下:
come / go / arrive / get / reach / move--- be in/at
open --- be open die --- be dead
close --- be closed become ---be
borrow --- keep put on --- wear
buy --- have leave ----- be away (from)
begin / start ----- be on fall asleep ---- be asleep
end/finish ----- be over catch a cold ----- have a cold
join the army ---- be in the army, be a soldier
join the Party---- be in the Party , be a Party member
例:吉姆买这支已有两年了。
Jim bought this pen two years
Jim has had this pen for two
Jim has had this pen since two years
Jim has had this pen since 20XX
It is two years since Jim bought this
4).在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中,谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days;over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
5).表示“第几次做某事,”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 +that” 后面跟现在完成时。
例:This is my first time that I have visited
This is the most interesting film I have ever
That is the only book that he has
6)have / has been to + 地点 意为“曾去过某地”,暗含目前已不在该地仅表示当事人的一种经历而已。
have / has gone to + 地点 “到了某地去了”,暗含“已离开原地去了某地”之意,但是否到达了某地尚不确定。
如:He has gone to 他去了上海。
He has been to 他去过了上海。
六.过去完成时
结构:
助动词had+动词过去分词
用法:
1)、表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态。即发生的时间是过去的过去。常与“by the end of/by/before+过去时间”构成的短语连用。
例如:The train had already left before we
He said that he had learned some English
By the end of last term, we had learned five English
2)表示在过去某一动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作;常用when,before,after等引导的从句作为动作发生时间先后的对比,先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时。
When I got to the railway station, the train had already
当我到达火车站时,火车已经开走了
His father had worked in a TV factory for five years before he came
爸爸来这之前,在一家电视机厂工作了5年。
3)表示过去未曾实现的计划、愿望等。这种用法中常用的动词为hope, want,plan,wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等。
例如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn" 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
I had thought that all knew about 我以为他们都知道这件事呢。
七.过去进行时
结构:
was/were+动词的现在分词(--ing)
用法:
1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明,如:at this time yesterday,at 7:00 yesterday ,last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。
My family were watching TV at that time
When I arrived,Tom was talking on the
What were you doing at 9:00 o’clock yesterday
注意:(1)以when引导的时间状语从句中,从句动作,主句用过去进行时,表示一个动作发生时,
另一个动作正在进行。
When he called me , I was having dinner .
(2)以while引导的时间状语从句中,从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行,while常
译为“当……的时候,同时”。
Tom was doing his homework while his sister was watching TV .
2)、表移动的动词,如come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等词的过去进行时,可以表示过去将要发生的动作。
例如:She told me that she was going to Hainan for her
八.过去将来时态
表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。但这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到―现在;而仅限于―过去时间区域内。由此可以看出,含这个时态的句子常带一个表示―过去某个时间点的状语。这个状语或是一个短语,或是一个句子。这个时态常用于:
结构
a)would/should+动词原形
b)was/were going to+动词原形
用法
1)、表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句或间接引语中。
例如:He said that he would finish his work before 9 o’
他说他会在九点之前完成工作。
When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be .
当我考虑这件事时,我想知道他们的反应是什么。
2)、表示过去的某种习惯性动作,只能用would。
例如:Whenever he has been in trouble, we would give him a
每当他遇到困难时,我们总会伸出援助之手。
3)表示过去情况中的―愿望、―倾向,多用于否定句。
No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it .
不管工作有多难,他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。
They knew that we would never permit such a
他们知道我们绝不会允许发生这样的事。
Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave .
甚至在讲座结束之后,听众仍不肯离去。
选择
The population of the world ____ still ____ (20XX·甘肃兰州)
has; grown is; growing will; grow is; grown
---Good I _______ to see Miss (20XX·甘肃兰州)
---Oh, good I’m sorry, but she is not
have come come came had come
— It’s time for Where is your father, Emma?
— He ______ his bike in the (20XX·新疆阜康)
clean cleaned is cleaning will clean
If you carefully, you the report (20XX·广州)
will listen; will be understood will listen; understand
listen; will understand listen; understand
They about eight hundred English words by the end of last (20XX·广州)
will learn had learned are going to learn have learned
—How did the accident happen? (20XX·广州)
—You know, it difficult to see the road clearly because it .
was; was raining is; has rained
is; is raining will be; will rain
Attention, There a football game between China and Korea this
is going to be has been will have
—What does your sister like doing in her spare time?
—She watching (20XX·湖北武汉)
likes liked has liked had liked
—When Jessy to New York?
— (20XX·湖北武汉)
does; get did; get has; got had; got
—How clean the bedroom is! (20XX·湖北武汉)
—Yes, I am sure that someone
cleans cleaned has cleaned had cleaned
My friend ______ I have to leave (20XX·河北)
waits for waited for is waiting for was waiting for
Be sure to let Tom know the notice as soon as he (20XX·河北)
will arrive was arriving arrives arrived
I ______ the wrong Can I use your eraser? (20XX·河北)
write wrote am writing will write
---Are you going to help John with his Chinese this evening? (20XX·山东威海)
---NO, He ______ to He will be back next
returned has returned returns will return
---Who’s won the first prize in the competition? (20XX·山东烟台)
---Henry______ . He has ______ it for a
is, won is, got has, had has, been given
---Is this the place that you ______ ? (20XX·四川成都)
I’ve never been there
have visited will visit are visiting visit
It ______ You’d better take an umbrella with (20XX·江西)
rains is raining rained has rained
---Can I help you? (20XX·江西)
---I bought this watch here yesterday, but it ______
won’t didn’t doesn’t wouldn’t
I used to love this film when I was young, but I ______ it that way any (20XX·江苏南京)
don’t feel didn’t feel haven’t felt hadn’t felt
---How was your trip to the ancient village? (20XX·湖北宜昌)---Fantastic! We ___________to a museum of strange go went are going will go
—Where is Peter? (20XX·湖南娄底)
—He volleyball with his friends in the school
is playing? playing
---Hello! Can I speak to White? (20XX·江苏无锡)
---Sorry, he isn’t here right He ______ to the theme
will go was going has gone has been
---______ you ______ your drawing? (20XX·陕西绥德)
---Not yet! It will be done in a few
Did; finish Will; finish Do; finish Have; finished
She ______ as an animal trainer since (北京)
has worked works will work have worked
They ______ her to the party, so she was very (北京)
invite invited will invite are inviting
Green ______ to the manager You’d better call him (北京)
talk talked is talking was talking
Prison Break is the best American TV play that I ______ these (安徽)
watch will watch have watched was watching
---Alice, turn down the TV, I _________ on the
---Oh, (安徽)
have talked talked am talking talk
--- Where are the Greens, may I ask? (20XX·吉林通化)
--- Well, they ______ to They have been there for nearly a week
have are going have will go
teachers_______ the office for a few minutes when we We didn’t meet
had been away from had left have been away from have left
1-5BBCCB 6-10AAABC 11-15CCBBC 16-20ABCAB
21-25CCDAB 26-30CCCCA
不定式省to有四种情况:
使役动词 let,have,make 等后接不定式。如:Let him go! 让他走!
would rather,had better后。如:You had better stay at 你最好呆在家里。
/ why 后。如:Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?
感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell,feel, find 等后作宾补,省to。如:I saw him 我看见他跳舞。
注意:这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to 哟! 如:The boss made them work the whole 变成被动句:They were made to work the whole
不定式的特殊用法:
It与不定式:动词不定式可以做主语,但如果动词不定式太长,显得头重脚轻的,那么我们就可用形式主语it代替,而把真正主语(即不定式)放于句尾。
如: It is not difficult for me to study English (对我来说学好英语是可能的。)
不定式还可以充当句子的宾语,但有些动词,如find,think,believe 等,在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语,只有用it作形式宾语,从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式可继续充当其宾语的作用。
如: I found it difficult to fall 我发现很难入睡。
还有一点:动词不定式,还可用在how,when,where,what,which 等疑问代词或副词之后,与其共同作宾语。如:I don"t know how to use a 我不知道怎样使用电脑。Remember?
和:表达"太 一致于不能"。
enough to 表达 "足以"。这两个词组的用法用两个例子就可以说清楚了。
The box is too heavy for me to 这个箱子太沉了,我提不动。
He is old enough to go to 他到上学的年龄了。也就是说,他的年龄足够上学了。记住这两个句子就可以举一反三,应用自如。你记住了吗?
好吧,再试一把趁热打铁!
练习:
Tell him ___ the
to close not
not to close
to not close
not close
Paul doesn"t have to be made He always works
learn
to learn
learned
learning
You"d better _______the story in
say
speak
tell
talk
The patient was warned ___ oily food after the
to eat not
eating not
not to eat
not eating
---- I usually go there by
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
to try going
trying to go
to try and go
try going
There are some books on the floor, would you like ________?
to pick them up
to pick up them
pick it up
pick up it
She is very ill, let"s _______a doctor at
to wake up
send for
to pay for
pay for
I want ________a teacher when I grow
to be
to
be
being
It"s cold You"d better ______ your
not take out
not to take down
not take off
not to take away
My mother told me ________more
drinking
drank
to drink
drink
实战:
You"d better _______read in the
not to
not
don"t
to
You aren"t a new driver, are you?
No, I am
Yes, I"m not
No, you are
Yes, I am
Must I stay here
No, you mustn"t
No, you needn"t
Yes, you can
Yes, you may
There is _______ "s" in the word "bus".
a
an
the
/
Neithere of us ______a
is
isn"t
are
aren"t
Who was the first in the girls"_________race?
400 metre
400-metre
400 metres
400-metres
It"s too noisy here, I can"t
go to sleep
fall to sleep
sleeping
get to sleep
The story happened ________ the evening of October 20,
at
on
in
to
Could I speak to Mr Gao, please? He has gone to the
I think so
Certainly, you can
I"m afraid not
I"m not sure
I"m sorry to trouble you, Miss
Fine, thank
All
It"s very kind of you .
It doesn"t
Can you tell me where________?
is the post office
the post office is
does the post office
the post office does
In England, the first name is _______name, but in China, the first name is ______
family, given
given, family
family, family
given, given
Li Ping met an old friend of _______ on a train
he
him
his
her
Kate is ________
a eighteen-year-old
a eighteen-years-old
an eighteen -years-old
an eighteen-year-old
Our city is getting
beautiful and beautiful
beautifuler and beautifuler
more and more beautiful
more beautifler and more beautifuler
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, 。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
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